ত্রয়োদশ শতাব্দীর প্রারম্ভে তুর্কি-অভিযান শুরু হল আর তার ফলে বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস নৃতনতর রূপ নিল। গৌড়-সিংহাসন থেকে ব্চ্যিত হয়েও সেন-রাজারা কিছুকাল ধরে মধ্য ও পূর্ব বঙ্গে স্বাধিকার রক্ষা করতে পেরেছিলেন পশ্চিম ও দক্ষিণ বঙ্গের স্থানে স্থানে স্থানীয় শাসনকর্ভারাও সেন-বংশের নামে অথবা স্বনামে অল্পবিস্তর স্বাধীনতা অনেক কাল ধরে ভোগ করেছিলেন। প্রান্তীয় অঞ্চলগুলির স্বাধীনতা আরও অনেককাল অবধি অক্ষুণ্ন ছিল।
মধ্যযুগ (The Middle Ages) হলইউরোপীয়ইতিহাসেরএকটিসময়কাল।এটি৪৭৬খ্রিষ্টাব্দথেকেশুরুহয়েছে, যেসময়েরোমানসাম্রাজ্যেরসমাপ্তিঘটেছিল,এবং ১৪৯২সালেক্রিস্টোফারকলম্বাসেরনবজগতআবিষ্কারেরপূর্বপর্যন্তগিয়েশেষহয়েছে।একেমধ্যযুগবলারকারণহলএটিসেইসময়যখনকিনাসাম্রাজ্যবাদীরোমেরপতনঘটেএবংপ্রাচীনআধুনিকইউরোপেরসূচনাহয়।এইসময়কালকেমধ্যযুগীয়সময় (Medieval Age), অন্ধকারেরযুগ (the Dark Ages) এবং (ইসলামএবংখ্রিস্টধর্মেরউত্থানেরকারণে ) আধ্যাত্মিকবিশ্বাসেরযুগও (the Age of Faith) বলাহয়।সঙ্কীর্ণভাবেব্যবহৃতহলে, অন্ধকারেরযুগবলতে৪৭৬থেকে৮০০খ্রিষ্টাব্দকেবোঝানোহয়, যে সময়ে শার্লামেন(Charlemagne)সিংহাসনেআরোহণকরেছিলেন।
কিন্তু শেষ অবধি বিদেশী শক্তিকে ঠেকিয়ে রাখা গেল না। তার কারণ এই নয় যে বাঙালীর বীরত্ব তখন নষ্ট হয়ে গিয়েছিল। মুসলমান-শক্তির বিজয়-লাভের প্রধানতম কারণ হচ্ছে দেশে সঙ্ঘশক্তির অভাব॥ পাল-রাজত্বের শেষ দিক থেকে বাংলাদেশের গণশক্তি ধীরে বা ধীরে সঙ্ঘবদ্ধতা হারাচ্ছিল; তার উপর বল্লালসেন-লক্ষ্ণসেনের সুশাসনে দণ্ডশক্তিও উদ্যম হারিয়ে ফেলেছিল। সাম্রাজ্যের বলাধিকৃতেরা অস্ত্র-শস্ত্রে, যুদ্ধবিদ্যায় ও রণনীতিতে গতানুগতিকতাই স্বীকার করে আসছিনেন, তাতে যে কালানুযায়ী পরিবর্তন আবশ্যক তা মনুধাবন করেন নি। সর্বোপরি, আধিভৌতিক বাহুবল অপেক্ষা আধিদৈবিক মন্ত্রবলের উপর ত্রমবদ্ধমান আস্থা জনগণমানসে জড়তার মোহ বিস্তার করছিল। একথা বলা মূঢত যে বাঙালী তখন রণক্ষেত্রে প্রাণ দিতে কাতর হত। তা যদি হত তবে সমগ্র বাংলাদেশকে অধিকার করতে মুসলমান-শক্তিকে দু-শ ব্ছরের উপর লাগত না। তবে একথ অস্বীকার করলে ইতিহাসকে অবজ্ঞা করা হবে যে সেকালে মন্ত্র-তন্ত্র-স্বস্ত্যয়নের মাহাত্ম্য রণশৌর্য্যের প্রাধান্যের চেয়ে কম ছিল না।
বাটি-ভরা দুধ, গােলাভরা ধান আর হাসি-ভরা মুখ!—কোনাে কোনাে বাঙালী কবি কল্পনা করেছেন ইংরেজ ভারতে আসার আগে বাঙলায় ছিল এমনি এক স্বর্গরাজ্য ! মধ্যযুগের বাঙলায় সুখ, সমৃদ্ধি আর ঐশ্বর্যের মধ্যে দিন কাটাত রাজা-রাজড়া আর সামন্তপ্রভুরা। কিন্তু বাঙলার জনসংখ্যার যারা সংখ্যাগরিষ্ঠ সেই কৃষক, কারিগর ও নিম্নশ্রেণীর জীবন ছিল দুর্ভিক্ষ, দারিদ্র্য, বেকারি, ভিখারি বৃত্তি নিয়ে বিড়ম্বিত। সমাজের সবচেয়ে সৃজনশীল শ্রেণী হলেও কৃষক ও কারিগরেরা ছিল জীবন্মত। তবু বাঙালী কবির কল্পনাশ্রয়ী অতি-কথনের মধ্যেও লুকিয়ে ছিল এক আংশিক সত্য। প্রাকৃ-ব্রিটিশ আমলের বাঙলায় স্বর্ণযুগের অস্তিত্ব না থাকলেও, দোষে-গুণে সেদিনকার বাঙলা ছিল স্বাধীন বাংলা। সামন্ততান্ত্রিক শােৰণে জর্জরিত হলেও বাঙলা তথা ভারতের স্বাধীন বিকাশের ধারাটি সেদিন বিদেশী শক্তির হস্তক্ষেপে বাধা পেত না। ব্রিটিশ যুগের বাঙলা পরাধীন, প্রাক্-ব্রিটিশ যুগের বাঙলা ছিল স্বাধীন, আত্ম- নির্ভরশীল।
The following timeline attempts to offer an idea of the events that led to the demolition and those that shaped how it will be seen in history:
1528: The Babri Masjid is built in Ayodhya by Mir Baqi, upon the instructions of the Mughal emperor, Babur.
1855: Sunni Muslims claim the temple of Hanumangarhi in Ayodhya is built on the site of a destroyed mosque. Clashes begin between them and Bairais, but Nawad Wajid Ali Shah is believed to have intervened on behalf of the temple to maintain peace.
1859: The British administration erects a fence around Babri Masjid, as the belief that the mosque is the birthplace of Ram gains currency. Hindus are allowed to worship in the outer court.
1885: Mahant Raghubir Das’s plea to build a worshipping platform in this outer courtyard is rejected by a local court.
March 1934: The mosque and its dome sustain damages during violence between Hindus and Muslims. The British government takes up rebuilding efforts.
1947: A local court rules that it is the Sunni Waqf Board and not the Shia Waqf Board that can hold sway over the Babri Masjid.
December 22, 1949: District Magistrate K.K. Nayar refuses to remove idols of Ram placed inside the mosque by Hindu Mahasabha members, citing possibility of riots. Nayar eventually joins the Jan Sangh and becomes an MP. The mosque comes under lock and key
1950: Muslim and Hindu parties file suits in Faizabad court, asking for permission for namaz and prayers, respectively. The inner courtyard remains locked. An interim injunction allows a pujari in but forbids entry to others.
1959: A third suit is filed in the same court by the Nirmohi Akhara, headed by Mahant Bhaskar Das, which asks for pujas to be conducted even on the disputed grounds.
1961: The UP Sunni Central Waqf Board files a fourth suit in the same court, asking for Muslims to be allowed to pray in the mosque.
1981: The above board files for possession of the site.
1984: As the ‘Ram Janmabhoomi’ movement gathers steam, L.K. Advani of the new political player Bharatiya Janata Party, becomes its de facto leader. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad leads a Shriram-Janaki rath yatra from Sitamarhi in Bihar to Delhi. Six similar yatras take place in Uttar Pradesh. BJP wins only two seats out of 541 in the Lok Sabha polls.
1986: A district judge — according to historian Ramachandra Guha, under orders from the PMO — directs that the Babri Masjid gates be unlocked, and Hindus be allowed to worship there. In protest, Muslims set up the Babri Masjid Action Committee. Parliament passes the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, effectively overturning the Supreme Court verdict in the Shah Bano case, a crucial factor that paved the way for BJP’s participation in the Ayodhya movement, according to Advani, who became party chief in that year..
1989: Allahabad high court orders maintenance of status quo with respect to the Babri Masjid after a fresh suit is filed by VHP vice-president and former judge of the court Deoki Nandan Agarwal seeking to become the “sakha” or friend of the deity and its birthplace in the title suits.
November 9, 1989: Rajiv Gandhi government allows the VHP to perform shilanyas (laying of the foundation stone) for the Ram temple on November 9, 1989, on the disputed land.
September 25, 1990: BJP President L.K. Advani launches his Rath Yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya to gather support for the Ram temple. He is arrested in Samastipur in Bihar by the government of Lalu Prasad Yadav in November, 1990. Vishwa Hindu Parishad leader Ashok Singhal is also arrested.
October 30, 1990: Kar sevaks clash with the police on their way to Ayodhya’s Babri Masjid and at least 20 are killed. Communal clashes rock Uttar Pradesh.
1991: BJP, which had withdrawn support to the V.P. Singh government, emerges as the second-largest party with 121 seats in the Lok Sabha following the general elections. In Uttar Pradesh, Kalyan Singh heads the BJP government.
December 6, 1992: A crowd of almost 150,000 people gather to listen to speeches by BJP and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) leaders – including LK Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi – at the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya. The crowd later storms the mosque and demolishes it in a few hours. The demolition occurred despite assurances from the state government to the Supreme Court that the mosque would not be harmed.
After the demolition of the Babri Masjid, on the evening of December 6, 1992, kar sevaks started attacking Muslim residents of Ayodhya, ransacking and demolishing their houses. Eighteen Muslims were murdered, almost all their houses and shops were torched and destroyed, including 23 local mosques. Additionally, riots broke out in different parts of the country, including Mumbai, and around 2,000 people were killed.
The demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992. Photo: Sanjay Sharma/INDIAPIX NETWORK
December 8, 1992: Muslims in Pakistan attack more than 30 Hindu temples. Pakistan government closes offices and schools for a day in protest against the destruction of the mosque in India.
December 16, 1992: The Narasimha Rao government sets up the Liberhan Commission to investigate the case.
1993: The Centre acquires 67.703 acres of land in and around the Babri Masjid under the newly passed ‘Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act’. CBI takes over the criminal case. A chargesheet is filed against Advani and 19 others for inciting the demolition.
1994: The Supreme Court finds UP chief minister Kalyan Singh guilty, sentences him to token imprisonment of one day with a fine of Rs 20,000.
2001: An NDA government is at the Centre now. A special CBI court drops proceedings and conspiracy charges against the accused including Advani, M.M. Joshi, Uma Bharti, Bal Thackeray and others.
2002: PM Vajpayee sets up an ‘Ayodhya cell’ in his office and appoints a senior official, Shatrughan Singh, to hold talks with Hindu and Muslim leaders.
While BJP does not commit itself to a Ram temple in its Uttar Pradesh assembly election manifesto, VHP sets a deadline of March 15 to begin construction. Hundreds of volunteers converge on site.
The Allahabad high court directs the Archaeological Survey of India to excavate the Babri Masjid site to determine if a temple lay underneath.
2003: The ASI submits a report, refuted by archaeologists and historians, saying that there is evidence of a 10th century temple beneath the mosque.
CBI special court rules that seven Hindutva leaders should stand trial for inciting the destruction of the Babri Mosque, but no charges are brought against Advani, now deputy prime minister, who was also at the site in 1992.
2004: The court rules that the earlier order which exonerated Advani for his role in the destruction of the mosque should be reviewed.
2005: Six suspected Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists attack the disputed Ram Janambhoomi complex in Ayodhya.
2009: The Liberhan commission submits its report, 17 years after it began its inquiry.
The Commission finds several BJP leaders like Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi, Kalyan Singh, Pramod Mahajan, Uma Bharti and Vijayaraje Scindia, and VHP leaders like Giriraj Kishore and Ashok Singhal and Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray and former RSS leader K. N. Govindacharya culpable in the demolition of the mosque.
2010: Allahabad high court rules that the disputed land in Ayodhya where the Babri Masjid was shall be divided into three parts. A two-thirds portion is to be shared by two Hindu plaintiffs and one-third will be given to the Sunni Muslim Waqf Board.
2011: Supreme Court suspends high court ruling after Hindu and Muslim plaintiffs appeal against the verdict.
2016: BJP MP Subramanian Swamy files plea in Supreme Court seeking construction of a Ram temple at the Babri Masjid site. The prime minister is now Narendra Modi, of the BJP.
The oldest litigant in the Babri Masjid case, Mohammad Hashim Ansari, dies at 95 years of age.
2017: Adityanath, founder of the Hindu Yuva Vahini, takes oath as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.
Supreme Court rules that L.K. Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi and Union minister Uma Bharti, in addition to other BJP members and kar sevaks, will face charges of criminal conspiracy in the Babri Masjid demolition case. Kalyan Singh was excluded from the list because he held the post of the governor of Rajasthan. Several of the original accused, including Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray, had died during the trial.
The court orders that the trial, to be held in Lucknow, be completed in two years.
The special CBI court frames charges against the BJP leaders but grants them bail.
2018: Supreme Court starts hearing the civil appeals in the title dispute, rejects all interim pleas, including Swamy’s, seeking to intervene as parties in the case.
It also declines to refer the case to a five-judge Constitution bench.
2019: Supreme Court sets up a five-judge Constitution Bench to hear the title dispute, headed by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi and comprising Justices S.A. Bobde, N.V. Ramana, U.U. Lalit and D.Y. Chandrachud. Justice U.U. Lalit recuses himself. A new bench comprising CJI Gogoi and Justices S.A Bobde, D.Y. Chandrachud, Ashok Bhushan and S.A. Nazeer is constituted to hear the case.
The special judge holding the trial in the Babri Masjid demolition case moves the Supreme Court seeking six more months to conclude the trial.
October 14, 2019: The Ayodhya district administration imposes Section 144 until December 10 in view of the imminent Supreme Court verdict in the case.
October 16, 2019: In a surprise development on the last day of the hearings, the primary Muslim litigant in the title dispute case informs the Supreme Court that it is willing to drop its appeals in the matter – and its claims to the land on which the historic Babri Masjid stood for centuries before it was demolished by Hindutva activists and leaders in 1992 – provided the Centre is willing to guarantee that all other places of worship in India will be protected from similar encroachment. Other Muslim plaintiffs dissociate themselves from this offer, which in any case was not accepted by the main Hindu plaintiff, i.e., the VHP.
November 8, 2019: Supreme Court registrar says verdict in the title suit will be delivered at 10:30 am on November 9, 2019.
November 9, 2019: The Supreme Court pronounced its “unanimous” verdict in the Ayodhya title dispute case, saying that the Hindu parties will be given the disputed land where the Babri Masjid once stood. The Sunni Waqf Board, the biggest Muslim litigant in the case, will be given five acres at a separate “prominent” location in Ayodhya.
May 8, 2020: The Supreme Court extends by three months the time for completion of trial in the demolition case and says that judgment should be delivered by August 31. This is extended in August by a month.
August 5, 2020: A bhoomi pujan of the Ram Temple is conducted at the Babri Masjid demolition site, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The ceremony is telecast on several news channels. None of the original accused BJP leaders attend.
September 30, 2020: The special CBI court acquits all 32 accused in the Babri Masjid demolition case, including former deputy prime minister L.K. Advani, former Union ministers Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti, former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh.
I can clearly remember this special day. I saw on TV that some religious miscreants destroyed it. Some political leaders stood aloof and encouraged the destruction. All criminals are eventually acquitted due to lack of evidence, as was the case in Roop Kanwar's sati case. A living example of violation of human as well as democratic rights in India. Basically, democracy has been raped.
Clovis, King of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the Battle of Vouille.
508 AD
Paris (now called Lutetia) established by Clovis as the capital of the Kingdom of the Franks.
511 AD
Clovis, King of the Franks, dies. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his sons.
521 AD
Boëthius introduces Greek musical letter notation to the West.
525 AD
Dionysius Exiguus (Dionysis the Little), a Roman monk and astronomer, records in his Easter Tables Jesus of Nazareth’s birthday as December 25, 753 years after Rome was founded. The error, an incorrect year and date, is repeated in all Christian calendars. Dionysius also left out counting the year 0. (See When was Jesus born?)
529 AD
Codification of Roman Law, Justinian’s Code, in a series of books called Corpus Juris Civilis, by the Emperor of Byzantine. Many legal maxims would be based on this code, which included the clause, “The things which are common to all (and not capable of being owned) are: the air, running water, the sea and the seashores.” The spelling of the word justice originates from Justinian’s Code.
531 AD
Khosru I, of the Sassanian dynasty, comes to power in Persia.
533 AD
Believing that he is getting the world ready for the Second Coming of Christ, Emperor Justinian reconquers parts of the Roman Empire.
534 AD
Queen Hu of China is assassinated. Northern China divides between western and eastern halves of the Wei dynasty.
537 AD
Saint Benedict of Nursia, the father of Western monasticism, outlines the step for leading a devout life in what is known as the Rule of St Benedict. The Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) is dedicated in Constantinople.
542 AD
The plague of Europe, known as the Great Plague of Justinian (a bubonic plague) ravages Europe.
Gunderic, King of the Germanic Vandals, attack towns and cities in Gaul.
407 AD
Roman legions withdrawn from Britain; Picts, Scots and Saxons invade. The Saxons become rulers of the British Isles.
410 AD
Goths attack Rome. Alaric lead the Asiatic Huns to attack the Roman Empire, sacking Rome in August. They introduce pants to the Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas.
414 AD
Chandra Gupta II of India dies.
421 AD
Bahram V, Sassanid king, begins persecution of Christians. City of Venice is founded by Romans fleeing from Germans.
430 AD
St. Augustine of Hippo dies as the Vandals besiege his city.
432 AD
St Patrick returns to Ireland and confronts King Laoghaire who allows him to spread Christianity.
440 AD
December 25th was not celebrated as the birth date of Christ until this year.
441 AD
Anglo-Saxons, fleeing Huns advancing on northern Europe, invade Britain.
446 AD
Vortigern leads Anglo-Saxon mercenaries and Britons against the Picts (from Scotland) and Scots (from Wales).
449 AD
Angles and Saxons conquer Britain.
450 AD
Conversion of Ireland to Christianity. (Missionary work started under Bishop Palladius 431, but most Irish people credit St Patrick with their conversion to Christianity.)
451 AD
Attila the Hun (Hephthalite) crosses the Rhine into Gaul.
455 AD
Vandals sack Rome with such ferocity that the word VANDAL will come to mean wanton destroyer.
466 AD
Buddhists in China are persecuted by adherents of Confucianism.
475 AD
Emperor Ming is succeeded by his ten-year-old son, Emperor Shun.
476 AD
The western Roman Empire ends when its last Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, is forced into retirement by German commander, Odoacer, who seized power. (The eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople, will continue until 1453.)
480 AD
The Visigoths, whose capital is in Toulouse, extend their rule from the Loire River to Gibraltar.
481 AD
Clovis I becomes king of the Salian Franks.
488 AD
Zeno, emperor of the eastern half of the Roman Empire, sends Theodoric with an army of Germans across the Alps against Odoacer.
493 AD
Odoacer is defeated by Theodoric, who becomes King of Italy.
496 AD
Clovis baptized as Christian by St. Remy, bishop of Reims.
A Book of Brief Historical Accounts TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
Year wise Events: First Century ।। Chapter 2 ▲ Page 6 ।।
The Kingdom of Armenia is the first nation to make Christianity its official religion.
303 AD
Emperor Diocletian orders the persecution of Christians.
312 AD
Constantine defeats Maxentius at Battle of Milvian Bridge and becomes the ruler of the western Roman Empire. He believes the Christian God has guided him to victory.
313 AD
•Edict of Milan issues by Constantine I (Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor – he converted on his death bed in 337), allowing Christians to practice their faith in the Roman Empire.
325 AD
Constantine the Great summons the Council of Nicaea, which establishes that God the Father and God the Son (Jesus Christ) are of the same essence.
Constantine introduces Sunday as a holy day in a new 7-day week.
He also introduced movable (Easter) and immovable feasts (Christmas).
326 AD
Constantine the Great and his mother Helena start a perdio of building churches in Palestine to mark the places considered holy to Christianity, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
330 AD
Founding of Constantinople (which became Istanbul in 1900), built above the ancient site of Byzantium, which became the centre of Christianity.
333 AD
Constantine decrees that Christians of Jewish heritage break all ties with Judaism or be executed.
335 AD
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated on the site of what is believed to be Christ’s tomb.
337 AD
Constantine the Great converts to Christianity on his deathbed, according to Bishop Eusebius.
341 AD
Ethiopians introduced to Coptic Christianity.
350 AD
Christianity reaches Ireland.
359 AD
Under the leader of the Sanhedrin, Nasi Hillel II fix the calendar according to a standardized system of calculations (as used today). Previously, the calendar was based on eye witness of sightings of the new moon.
363 AD
Constantine’s grandson becomes emperor, becoming known as Julian the Apostate. He rescinds the law that forbids marriage between Christians and Jews and rescinds the law that bans Jews from entering Jerusalem; he also abolishes privileges that have been bestowed upon the Christian clergy.
367 AD
Emperor Julian killed while fighting the Sassanid Empire.
372 AD
Mahayana Buddhism introduced to Koguryo (northern Korea).
378 AD
Valens, the Christian emperor of the eastern half of the Roman empire, is defeated by Christian Germans, Goths, at Adrianople.
380 AD
Co-emperors Gratian and Theodosius decress that the doctrine of the Trinity is the official state religion.
383 AD
Shapur III becomes king of the Sassanid empire.
384 AD
Buddhism introduced to the royal families of Paekche (southern Korea) and Silla (central Korea).
388 AD
Shapur III, the Sassanid king, lifts the persecutions of Christians.
390 AD
Jerome’s Latin Vulgate manuscripts published, containg all 80 books of the Scriptures (39 Old Testestament, 27 New Testament, 14 Apocrypha).
391 AD
One of the Seven Wonders of the World, the library of Alexandria, is destroyed by fire.
395 AD
Division of the Roman Empire, when Emperor Theodosius I dies. (His two sons appointed successors: 17-year-old Arcadius given rule over the east; 10-year-old Honorius ruling the west, but ruling from Milan instead Rome.)
Augustine is named bishop of Hippo (in North Africa).
399 AD
St. Augustine of Hippo writes his Confessions.
A Book of Brief Historical Accounts TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
Year wise Events: First Century ।। Chapter 2 ▲ Page 6 ।।
Origen, aged 22, succeeds Clement as leader of the Christian school in Alexandria.
213 AD
Completion of the Baths of Caracalla, which contain reading rooms, running tracks, and public gardens covering 20 acres.
Gunpowder invented by Chinese alchemists mixing saltpeter with sulfur at the right temperature.
219 AD
Founding of the Sura Academy in Babylon.
226 AD
Ardashir begins Sassanid Dynasty, rulers of Persia until the seventh century.
238 AD
In this year there were 6 Roman Emperors: Maximin, Gordian I, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus Maximus & Gordian III.
250 AD
Greek mathematician from Alexandria, Diophantus, publishes Arithmetica, the first known algebra text, a treatise in 13 parts of which 6 survive.
About 5% of Romans have become Christian.
258 AD
Emperor Valerian beheads Cyprian in front of thousands; those near him throw pieces of cloth to catch his blood.
271 AD
First form of compass used in China.
272 AD
Three Christians beheaded near a hill outside of Paris. The hill will later be called Montmartre, the Mountain of the Martyrs.
276 AD
Mani, a sage from Persia who calls himself a apostle of Jesus Christ, is executed for preaching Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology, angering followers of both religions.
284 AD
Diocletian becomes Emperor of Rome and proclaims himself the earthly representative of Rome’s supreme god, Jupiter.
299 AD
Christians across Roman empire now about 10% of the population.
300 AD
The church council of Elvira, Spain, prohibits intermarriage between Jews and Christians, also forbidding them to eat together.
This page (2/6) is somewhat completed but will be modified from time to time if required.
